Red Cloud war ein Anführer der Bad Faces, der am 1. Dezember 1822 an der Gabelung des Platte River geboren wurde und am 10. Dezember 1909 im Pine-Ridge-Reservat verstarb. Seine Mutter gehörte dem Stamm der Oglala-Lakota an, sein Vater den Brulé-Lakota. Nach dem frühen Tod des Vaters wuchs Red Cloud bei seinem Onkel Old Smoke auf, der ebenfalls Häuptling war. Schon als Jugendlicher nahm Red Cloud an Kriegszügen teil. In den 1840ern erlangte er Ansehen, indem er einen rivalisierenden Häuptling tötete. Als die Cholera unter den Indianern wütete, wurde er als Heiler bekannt. Er heiratete Pretty Owl und blieb mit ihr bis zu seinem Lebensende zusammen. In den folgenden Jahren verteidigte Red Cloud das Land der Lakota gegen das Vordringen der Weißen. Der Konflikt eskalierte, als Gold gefunden wurde und der Bozeman Trail durch ihr Gebiet führte. Red Cloud führte Krieger gegen die Eindringlinge an, woraufhin der Pfad als "Blutiger Bozeman" bekannt wurde. Die US-Regierung versuchte zu verhandeln, aber Red Cloud lehnte ab, als er von der geplanten Errichtung von Forts erfuhr. Er versammelte eine große Streitmacht und führte einen Guerillakrieg. 1866 lockten seine Krieger eine Einheit unter Captain Fetterman in einen Hinterhalt und vernichteten sie vollständig. Dieser Sieg, bekannt als das Fetterman-Gefecht, zwang die Regierung zu weiteren Verhandlungen. Red Cloud bestand darauf, dass alle Soldaten das Gebiet verlassen mussten. Erst nachdem die Forts geräumt und niedergebrannt worden waren, unterzeichnete Red Cloud den Vertrag von Fort Laramie im Jahr 1868. Red Cloud reiste später nach Washington und setzte sich für den Frieden ein. Er war von der Macht der Weißen beeindruckt und schwor, nie wieder zu kämpfen. Diese Haltung stieß bei einigen Stammesangehörigen auf Ablehnung. Red Cloud engagierte sich fortan als Diplomat und besuchte acht Mal den US-Präsidenten. Er kämpfte gegen den Landverlust seines Volkes, wurde aber schließlich von einem Agenten seines Amtes enthoben. Red Cloud starb im Jahr 1909, und das Lakota-Reservat war zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits zersplittert.
Title: Chief Red Cloud Oglala / photographed by William Cross 1881 or 1882.
Abstract/medium: 1 photograph : albumen print on cabinet card mount ; photo 14.2 x 10.2 cm, on mount 16.5 x 10.8 cm.
Handwritten on verso of image: Edmond S. Meany, Red Cloud, and Friends. [Possibly Red Cloud, Oglala chief].
Filed in Meany Collection, Box 1/4
Edmond S. Meany (1862-1935) was born in East Saginaw, Michigan. He moved west with his family, arriving in Seattle in 1877. At the time, the University of Washington was still the Territorial University; Meany graduated from it as valedictorian of his class of 1885 with a bachelor's degree in science. He obtained a master's degree in science in 1889. He also married Sarah Elizabeth Ward on May 1, 1889. During this period, Meany had earned a living in newspaper delivery. Soon he had worked his way up in the newspaper business to become editor and publisher for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. By 1890, Meany had started his own news service called the Washington State News Bureau, and had been hired as press agent to represent Washington State at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Meany served as a Washington State legislator during the 1891 and 1893 sessions. He initiated legislation that set aside 355 acres to be used for the new campus of the University of Washington. Meany was instrumental in bringing the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition to the University's campus in 1909. This led to the clearing of portions of the new campus for the construction of buildings, some of which later were used by the University. Meany was an indefatigable historian and collector, a prolific writer, a prominent and popular civic leader. He was perhaps the most influential and beloved figure of the University's history. In 1894, Meany became the UW's first registrar while also holding positions as an instructor and secretary to the UW Board of Regents. Meany was particularly interested in Pacific Northwest history, especially Washington State history, on which he wrote many books and countless articles and speeches. In 1897, he became a full professor and head of the UW history department, teaching courses in forestry, American history, and Pacific Northwest history. Through his research, he became a collector of documents and photographs important to the history of the region. In 1929, he donated most of these rare and important documents to the UW library. During the last 25 years of his life, Meany collected materials on many early Washington pioneers. He amassed thousands of items, ranging from simple obituary notices to lengthy reminiscences by pioneers in letters or on specially devised forms. With the help of research assistant Victor J. Farrar, Meany conducted interviews and created extensive files on these pioneers
Subjects (LCTGM): Historians--Washington (State)--Seattle; Legislators--Washington (State)--Seattle; Authors--Washington (State)--Seattle; Tribal chiefs--United States
Subjects (LCSH): Meany, Edmond S. (Edmond Stephen), 1862-1935; College teachers--Washington (State)--Seattle; Authors--Washington (State)--Seattle; Red Cloud, 1822-1909; Oglala Indians--Kings and rulers; Portraits, Group--Washington (State)--Seattle
Original title
"Red Cloud and American Horse." The two most noted chiefs now living
Two Oglala chiefs, American Horse (wearing western clothing and gun-in-holster) and Red Cloud (wearing headdress), full-length portrait, facing front, shaking hands in front of tipi--probably on or near Pine Ridge Reservation.
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Bildquelle: Indian_Chiefs_1875_1.jpg Autor: Wikipedia / Frank F. Currier, 235 Douglas St, Omaha, Nebraska Lizenz: gemeinfrei
"Young" Sitting Bull of the Oglallas (not the more famous Hunkpapa of the same name), Red Cloud, Swift Bear, and Spotted Tail in Omaha, Nebraska, en route to Washington DC to meet with President Ulysses S. Grant to discuss the Black Hills.
Bildnachweis
Bildquelle: Indian_Chiefs_1875_achrome.jpg Autor: Wikipedia / Frank F. Currier, 235 Douglas St, Omaha, Nebraska Lizenz: gemeinfrei
"Young" Sitting Bull of the Oglallas (not the more famous Hunkpapa of the same name), Red Cloud, Swift Bear, and Spotted Tail in Omaha, Nebraska, en route to Washington DC to meet with President Ulysses S. Grant to discuss the Black Hills.
Bildnachweis
Bildquelle: Indian_Chiefs_1875.jpg Autor: Wikipedia / Frank F. Currier, 235 Douglas St, Omaha, Nebraska Lizenz: gemeinfrei
"Young" Sitting Bull of the Oglallas (not the more famous Hunkpapa of the same name), Red Cloud, Swift Bear, and Spotted Tail in Omaha, Nebraska, en route to Washington DC to meet with President Ulysses S. Grant to discuss the Black Hills.
Title: New York City - the Sioux Chief, Red Cloud, in the Great Hall of the Cooper Institute, surrounded by the Indian delegation of braves and squaws, addressing a New York audience on the wrongs done to his people / from a sketch by our special artist.
Portrait of Red Dog, included here.
Abstract/medium: 1 print : wood engraving.
Title: New York City - the Sioux Chief, Red Cloud, in the Great Hall of the Cooper Institute, surrounded by the Indian delegation of braves and squaws, addressing a New York audience on the wrongs done to his people / from a sketch by our special artist.
Abstract/medium: 1 print : wood engraving.
"Othniel C. Marsh and Red Cloud in New Haven, Connecticut," black-and-white photograph of Yale paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh with the Indian chief 'Red Cloud' in New Haven, Connecticut. Image courtesy of the Yale University Manuscripts & Archives Digital Images Database. Retouched by MarmadukePercy.
Exhibit from the Native American Collection, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Photography was permitted without restriction; exhibit is old enough so that it is in the public domain.
Red Cloud and Othniel Charles Marsh by Frank Bowman, 1883, albumen silver print, from the National Portrait Gallery which has explicitly released this digital image under the CC0 license. (https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.93.133)
"Red Cloud," black and white photograph by the American photographer John K. Hillers (1843-1925), published by Charles M. Bell. The portrait of the chief of the Oglala Lakota Sioux was taken at Washington, D.C. 25.2 cm x 41.4 cm. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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